I guess many Jakartans are unaware that they can ride Mikrotrans for free! It's likely that Jakarta has the world's largest free shuttle network, isn't it?
Among all the reasons we list above, I'm of the opinion that the primary reason mega-cities in emerging economies fail in this respect is a lack of continuity in political will. It's why Bogota, despite being the blueprint, largely failed to build upon its existing mechanisms. You can read more about it here: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/12/07/headway/bogota-bus-system-transmilenio.html
I guess many Jakartans are unaware that they can ride Mikrotrans for free! It's likely that Jakarta has the world's largest free shuttle network, isn't it?
What are the chances that every major city replicate what Jakarta did? What seems to be the bottlenecks?
Among all the reasons we list above, I'm of the opinion that the primary reason mega-cities in emerging economies fail in this respect is a lack of continuity in political will. It's why Bogota, despite being the blueprint, largely failed to build upon its existing mechanisms. You can read more about it here: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/12/07/headway/bogota-bus-system-transmilenio.html